About Metaphor
Metaphor - figure of speech (trails), using the name of the object of a class to describe the object of another class. The term belongs to Aristotle and is linked to his understanding of art as an imitation of life. The metaphor of Aristotle in fact almost indistinguishable from the hyperbole, exaggeration, of synecdoche, allegory, and from a simple comparison or impersonate and assimilation. In all cases, a shift of meaning from one to another. Deployed the metaphor has given rise to many genres.
Indirect communication in the form of stories or figurative expressions using comparison.
Turnover of speech, consisting in the use of words and phrases in the figurative sense, on the basis of some analogies, similarity comparison.
As a metaphor, you can select 4 "elements":
category or context,
object within a particular category,
process in which the object performs a function, and
application of this process to the real situation, or crossing them.
In lexicology - meaning the connection between the values of one polysemantic words, based on the availability of similarity (structural, exterior, functional).
Metaphor in art is often the aesthetic end in itself and replaces the original original meaning of the word. In Shakespeare, for example, are often important than raw earthy sense of utterances, and his unexpected metaphorical meaning - new meaning. This is perplexing Tolstoy, brought up on the principles of Aristotle realism. Simply put, a metaphor not only reflects life, but creates it. For example, the nose of Major Kovalev generals in uniform at Gogolya - is not only a personification, hyperbole, or comparison, but a new meaning, which did not exist previously. Futurists have sought not to the truth of metaphor and to its maximum distance from the original meaning. For example, "a cloud in trousers". In the years of the socialist realism metaphor was actually banished from the literature as the reception uvodyaschy of reality. In 1970 a group of poets, charted on a banner "metaphor in the box" or "metametafora" (the term Constantine Kedrova).