Theories of metaphor
Among the other path metaphor occupies a central position, as well as to create a large image based on a bright, unexpected associations. The basis metaforizatsii can be made a variety of similarity of features: color, shape, volume, destination, regulations, etc.
According to the classification proposed by ND Arutyunovoy, metaphors are divided into nominal, consisting in the replacement of a descriptive value, and other employees of omonimii;
shaped metaphors that serve the development of figurative meaning and synonymous means of language;
cognitive metaphor, arising from a shift in the compatibility of the predicate phrase (transfer values) and place of polysemy;
generaliziruyuschie metaphor (an outcome of cognitive metaphor), wash in the lexical meaning of the word boundary between the logical order and promote the emergence of logical polysemy.
More consider metaphors to facilitate the creation of images, or imagery.
In a broad sense, the term "a" means in the minds of the outside world. As a work of fiction images - an embodiment of the author's thinking, his unique vision and a bright image of the painting world. Creating a brighter image based on the similarities between the two far from each other items, virtually unique contrast. In order to compare objects or events was unexpected, they should be quite unlike each other, and sometimes the similarities can be quite small, imperceptible, giving food for thought, but may be absent altogether.
Boundaries and structure of the image can be virtually any: the image can be transmitted to the word, phrase, sentence, sverhfrazovym unity, may take a chapter or a cover song of a novel.
But there are other views on the classification of metaphors. For example, G. Lakoff and M. Johnson are two types of metaphors, pending on time and space: ontological, that is a metaphor to see the events, actions, emotions, ideas, etc. as a sort of substance (the mind is an entity , the mind is a fragile thing), and targeted, or orientation, that is, metaphor does not define a concept in terms of another, but also organizing the entire system of s of artistic expression. Metaphor, on the theory Lakoffa is prosaic or poetic expression, where the word (or multiple words), which is a concept used in the indirect sense, to express the concept, such as this. Lakoff writes that the prosaic or poetic speech, the metaphor is beyond language, in thought, in imagination, referring to Michael Reddy, his work "The Conduit Metaphor", in which Reddy notice that metaphor lies in the language of everyday speech and not only in poetry or prose. Also, Reddy argues that "the speaker puts ideas (objects) into words and sends them listening, which extracts the idea / objects out of words". This idea is also reflected in the study Lakoffa J. and M. Johnson "metaphors that we live". Metaphorical conception of systems, "the metaphor is not confined to just one area of language, that is, the scope of words: by the processes of thinking is largely metaphorical. Metaphors as linguistic expressions are possible precisely because there are metaphors in the conceptual system of rights ".
Metaphor is often seen as a way to accurately reflect the reality in artistic terms. However, IR Halperin said that "the concept of accuracy is very concerning. It is a metaphor, it creates a concrete image of an abstract concept, allows a different interpretation of the real message ".
Once the metaphor has been understood, to distinguish from a number of other linguistic phenomena, and describes how, immediately raised the question of its essence twofold: to be a means of language and poetic piece. First, who opposed the poetic metaphor language was L. Bally, which has shown a general metaphorical language.